ASTM E1624-1994(2008) 现场沉淀物中/水中小世界中化学消毒的标准指南

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【英文标准名称】:StandardGuideforChemicalFateinSite-SpecificSediment/WaterMicrocosms
【原文标准名称】:现场沉淀物中/水中小世界中化学消毒的标准指南
【标准号】:ASTME1624-1994(2008)
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:1994
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:E47.04
【标准类型】:(Guide)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:Chemicals(environmentalanalysis);Environmentalsiteassessment(ESA)--water;Fieldtesting--environmentalmaterials/applications;Laboratoryenvironmentalanalysis;Microcosmtest;Sedimenttoxicitytesting
【摘要】:Thefateofchemicalsreleasedtotheenvironmentmaybeevaluatedinthefieldorinlaboratorystudies.Thisguideprovidesdirectiononthedevelopment,use,andevaluationofmicrocosmstudiesthatsimulateaspecificaquaticecosystemandincludesedimentandrelevantbiota.Akeyobjectiveintheuseofsite-specificmicrocosmsistheabilitytoextrapolateinformationobtainedinthelaboratorysystemtofieldsituationswithareasonabledegreeofconfidence.Fieldstudiescanobtainimportantinformationaboutthefateofchemicalsinaparticularecosystembuthavemanydisadvantages.Infieldstudies,environmentalvariables,ingeneral,cannotbecontrolledandthestudymaybesubjecttowidefluctuationsinvariablessuchastemperature,rainfallorsunlight.Introductionofachemicalintoanecosystemmayproduceanunacceptableenvironmentalrisk.Furthermore,fieldstudiesoftenareprohibitivelyexpensive.Someenvironmentalfatestudiesusestructuralorsyntheticcommunities(notsite-specificmicrocosms)createdbyplacingwater,soilorsediment,plants,animalsandmicrobiotainacontaineraccordingtoanestablishedprotocol.Somesyntheticcommunitieshavebeenspecificallydesignedtoexaminethefateofchemicalsubstancesinaquaticenvironments(thatis,Metcalfetal.(1)andIsenseeandTayaputch(2).Thesesyntheticcommunitiesprovidereproducibleenvironmentsinwhichtoevaluateandrankchemicalsaccordingtotheirfatebutextrapolationtospecificecosystemsisdifficult.Thisisbecausetheylackcomplexpopulationstructuresandprocessesanalogoustospecificnaturalecosystems.Inaddition,theyfrequentlycontainabiomassoforganismsthatisnotscaledtothevolumeofwaterorsediment,therebygivingexaggeratedratesofchemicalmetabolism.Amicrocosmreplicatesmanyoftheprocessesaffectingthefateofachemicalinacomplexecosystem.Amicrocosmcanbeexaminedundercontrolledlaboratoryconditionsintheabsenceofcertainvariablesthatmightinterferewithanunderstandingofaparticularprocess.Microcosmsprovideanopportunitytomanipulatevariablesandtostudytheireffectsandinteractions.Microcosmsalsoofferreplicationpossibilitiesforassessingenvironmentalvariability,anadvantagethatisnotavailablefromfieldstudies.Microcosmscanbeusedtoexaminethesignificanceofvariousfateprocesses.Byexaminingtestcompoundsinmicrocosmsitispossibletodeterminetherelativeeffectsofvariousfateprocesses(forexample,bioticversusabiotic).Thismakesitpossibletofocusoncriticalprocessesandconsidersite-specificenvironmentalsituationswheretheseprocessespredominateorareabsent.Althoughsomefateprocessessuchashydrolysisorpartitioningtosedimentsmaybequantifiedadequatelyinsimplerstudies(forexample,shake-flaskoraquariatests)otherssuchasbioturbationmayrequirethecomplexityofamicrocosmforadequateassessment.Animportantaspectofmicrocosmtestingisdeterminingthesignificanceofbiologicalprocessesinenvironmentalfate.Bystudyingtestcompoundfateinsterilizedmicrocosms,theroleofbioturbation(thatcandistributeachemicaldeepinsedimentbeds)canbeassessedalongwithbiodegradation.Thefollowingareexamplesofchemicalfateinformationthatmightbeobtainedinmicrocosmstudies.Howlongachemicalsubstancewillpersistinitsparentforminaparticularenvironment,Whetherthefateofachemicalisprimarilydependentonbioticorabioticprocesses,Theeffectonthefateofachemicalbythepresenceofplantsthatmaytakeupthechemicalandstoreormetabolizeitandthatprovideadditionalsurfacesformicrobialcolonization,Theeffectonthefateofachemicalbytheactivityofbenthicorganismsthatmovewaterandsediment,and......
【中国标准分类号】:Z12
【国际标准分类号】:13_060_45
【页数】:6P.;A4
【正文语种】:英语